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Muslim Law One Liner Notes
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| MUSLIM LAW | |
| The primary source of Muslim law is: | Quran |
| The term 'Hadith' refers to: | Sayings, traditions and actions of the Prophet |
| Ijma is based on: | Consensus of Muslim jurists |
| Qiyas is a method of: | Analogical reasoning |
| The Shariat means: | Path to be followed |
| The most important and foundational source of Muslim law is: | Quran |
| The secondary source of Muslim law is: | Hadith |
| The compilation of Prophet’s sayings is known as: | Hadith |
| The source of Muslim law developed through reasoning by analogy is: | Qiyas |
| Ijma is based on the consensus of: | The jurists |
| 'Urf' refers to: | Customary practices |
| Which school of Muslim law is most liberal in interpretation? | Hanafi |
| Which school of Muslim law emphasizes on the practices of the people of Medina? | Maliki |
| Imam Abu Hanifa was the founder of: | Hanafi School |
| Qiyas as a source of law is mainly used when: | There is no clear Quranic verse or Hadith |
| Muslim Personal Law in India is governed by: | Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 |
| Which source of Muslim law is least used by orthodox schools? | Qiyas |
| Fiqh refers to: | Law derived by human reasoning |
| The method of reasoning by analogy in Islamic law is called: | Qiyas |
| Custom as a source of Muslim law is known as: | Urf |
| Which school of Muslim law uses Istislah (public interest) as a source? | Maliki |
| Which source of Muslim law is considered divine in origin? | Quran |
| Fatwa is a: | Personal opinion of a jurist |
| The term "Fiqh" means: | Jurisprudence or human interpretation of divine law |
| The Hadith was compiled: | After the death of Prophet Muhammad |
| The Shariat Application Act, 1937, made which law applicable to Muslims in India? | Muslim Personal Law |
| Under Muslim law, marriage is considered as: | Contract |
| The Arabic term for marriage is: | Nikah |
| The essential requirement for a valid Muslim marriage is: | Offer and acceptance (Ijab-o-Qubool) |
| The requirement of witnesses is compulsory in a Muslim marriage under: | Sunni Law |
| A Muslim male can marry up to: | Four wives |
| The object of marriage under Muslim law is primarily: | Legalizing sexual relations and procreation of children |
| In Muslim law, the marriageable age for a girl is: | Puberty |
| The guardian for marriage in Muslim law is called | Wali |
| A marriage with a woman undergoing iddat in sunni law is: | Irregular |
| A marriage with a fifth wife is: | Void |
| Dower (Mahr) in Muslim marriage is: | A mark of respect from husband to wife |
| Marriage under Muslim law is: | Civil contract with religious overtones |
| A Muta marriage is: | Temporary marriage under Shia law |
| In Muta marriage, the duration: | Must be fixed |
| A Muslim woman can contract a valid marriage if she is: | Pubescent and of sound mind |
| Under Muslim law, a marriage prohibited by reason of consanguinity is: | Void |
| Marriage with a Kitabia woman is: | Valid |
| Marriage with a fire-worshipper under Muslim law is: | Void |
| The amount of dower may be: | Specified or unspecified |
| If dower is not specified in the marriage contract, the wife is entitled to: | Customary dower (Mahr-i-Misl) |
| In a valid Muslim marriage, the consent of parties: | Must be free and voluntary |
| Marriage with a foster sister is: | Void |
| Marriage between two Muslims without witnesses under Shia law is: | Valid |
| For a valid Muslim marriage, the parties must be: | Of sound mind and puberty |
| Consent in Muslim marriage must be: | Free and voluntary |
| In Sunni law, the number of witnesses required for a valid marriage is: | Two male or one male and two females |
| In Shia law, the requirement of witnesses for marriage is: | Not mandatory |
| Marriage under Muslim law is not valid if it is: | Done without free consent |
| In Muslim law, a marriage is valid only when: | It is witnessed and has offer and acceptance |
| A Muslim marriage is void if: | With a person within prohibited degrees |
| In Muslim law, ‘Ijab’ and ‘Qubool’ must be: | Expressed at the same/one meeting |
| A marriage is irregular (Fasid) if: | It is performed during iddat |
| A Muslim marriage is enforceable only if: | Witnesses are present (in Sunni law) |
| Free consent in Muslim marriage is vitiated by: | Coercion, fraud, or undue influence |
| Dower is: | An essential condition for a valid marriage |
| The marriage of a lunatic without guardian is: | Void |
| Muslim marriage can take place: | At any place with valid offer and acceptance |
| A valid Muslim marriage must not violate: | Prohibited degrees of relationship |
| The age of marriage in Muslim law is: | Attainment of puberty |
| Marriage between parties within prohibited degrees is: | Void |
| Under Muslim law, marriage with a woman related by consanguinity is: | Void |
| Marriage with one’s foster-sister is: | Void |
| Under Muslim law, marriage is prohibited by: | Consanguinity, affinity, and fosterage |
| Prohibition based on consanguinity includes: | Sister, Niece, Aunt |
| Prohibition based on affinity includes: | Wife’s mother, Stepdaughter |
| Prohibition based on fosterage includes: | Foster-mother,Foster-sister, Foster-niece |
| Marriage with a woman who is already married is: | Void |
| Marriage with two sisters at the same time is: | Irregular under sunni law |
| In Muslim law, consanguinity refers to: | Blood relationships |
| In Shia law, marriage during iddat is: | Void |
| Under Muslim law, marriages are classified into: | Valid, Irregular, Void |
| A valid marriage in Muslim law is called: | Sahih |
| A void marriage in Muslim law is called: | Batil |
| An irregular marriage in Muslim law is known as: | Fasid |
| A Sahih (valid) marriage creates: | Legal obligations like maintenance and inheritance |
| A Fasid marriage becomes Sahih: | On removal of the irregularity |
| A Batil marriage: | Is void from the beginning |
| Marriage with a woman during iddat is considered: | Irregular |
| Marriage with a fifth wife is: | Void |
| A Muta marriage is recognized under: | Shia Law |
| Muta marriage is a: | Temporary marriage |
| The essential condition of Muta marriage is: | Specification of duration and dower |
| Muta marriage ends: | On expiry of the fixed period or by death |
| In Muta marriage, if no period is specified, it is treated as: | Permanent marriage |
| Sunni law does not recognize: | Muta marriage |
| Marriage without witnesses is valid under: | Shia law |
| Talaq in Muslim law means: | Divorce by husband |
| The ‘Iddat’ period after talaq is: | 3 menstrual cycles or 3 lunar months |
| Under Sunni law, talaq given once or twice is: | Revocable during iddat |
| Triple talaq (Talaq-e-Bid’ah) means: | Talaq pronounced three times in one sitting and it become irrevocable |
| Talaq-e-Tafweez means: | Divorce delegated by husband to wife |
| The effect of talaq is that: | It becomes final after iddat if not revoked |
| Under Shia law, talaq given thrice at one time is: | Void |
| A Muslim husband can divorce his wife by: | Talaq or Khula or Mubarat |
| The doctrine of revocable talaq is called: | Talaq-ul sunnat |
| Talaq-e-Bain means: | Irrevocable talaq |
| The period of ‘iddat’ is meant to: | Confirm pregnancy and allow reconciliation |
| Talaq given verbally without witnesses is: | Valid under Sunni law |
| Triple talaq has been declared unconstitutional and illegal by the Supreme Court of India in: | 2019 |
| Post-Supreme Court judgment on triple talaq, talaq pronounced in any form: | Is criminal offense under Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 |
| Khula means: | Divorce initiated by wife with husband’s consent |
| Talaq given thrice at one time is called: | Talaq-e-Bid’ah |
| Talaq-e-Bain is: | Irrevocable talaq |
| Talaq-e-Mubarat means: | Divorce by mutual consent |
| Which kind of talaq allows the husband to revoke it during the iddat period? | Talaq-ul-sunnah |
| Talaq-e-Bid’ah is also called: | Triple talaq |
| Which type of talaq is not recognized under Shia law? | Talaq-e-Bid’ah (Triple Talaq) |
| Talaq-e-Bain becomes irrevocable: | Immediately after pronouncement |
| Talaq-e-Mubarat ends marriage: | Immediately |
| Under the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, talaq-e-bid’ah is: | Void and punishable |
| Sunnat Talaq refers to: | Talaq given according to Sunnah (Prophetic practice) in three separate pronouncements with waiting periods |
| The period between two pronouncements of Sunnat Talaq should be at least: | One menstrual cycle or one lunar month |
| Sunnat Talaq is also known as: | Talaq-e-ahsan or Talaq-e-Hasan |
| How many pronouncements of talaq are required to complete Sunnat Talaq? | Three |
| After the first and second pronouncement of Sunnat Talaq, the talaq is: | Revocable during iddat |
| After the third pronouncement of Sunnat Talaq, the talaq is: | Irrevocable and final |
| The waiting period (iddat) during Sunnat Talaq is meant to: | Allow for reconciliation and confirm pregnancy |
| Which school of Muslim law strongly advocates Sunnat Talaq? | All Muslim schools |
| Sunnat Talaq can be pronounced: | Verbally or in writing |
| Sunnat Talaq pronounced during wife’s pregnancy is: | Valid |
| Under Sunnat Talaq, after the third talaq, the couple: | Cannot remarry unless wife marries another man and that marriage dissolves |
| The practice of Sunnat Talaq is based on: | Quranic injunctions and Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad |
| The landmark case related to triple talaq in India is: | Shayara Bano Case |
| The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 deals with: | Criminalization of triple talaq |
| Before the Supreme Court judgment, triple talaq was: | Valid and recognized under Muslim Personal Law |
| The punishment under Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 for pronouncing triple talaq is: | Imprisonment up to three years |
| Khula means: | Divorce initiated by wife with husband’s consent by returning dower or compensation |
| Under Muslim law, Khula is: | Allowed only if husband agrees |
| In Khula, the wife usually returns: | Dower or part of it as compensation |
| Khula differs from Talaq in that: | It is initiated by wife and requires husband’s consent |
| Khula is considered: | An irrevocable divorce |
| During Khula, the wife’s right to maintenance is: | Continues during iddat period only |
| The waiting period (iddat) after Khula is: | Three menstrual cycles or three lunar months |
| Khula is provided for under: | Quran, Hadith, and judicial interpretation |
| The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939 primarily deals with: | Grounds for judicial divorce for Muslim women |
| The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939 was enacted to: | Provide grounds for wife’s judicial divorce |
| Under the Act, the ground of “failure to maintain” means: | Husband’s inability to provide reasonable maintenance |
| The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939 provides that a woman can seek divorce if her husband: | Has been insane for two years or more |
| The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939 was enacted by: | Indian Parliament |
| According to the Act, a woman can seek dissolution of marriage on the ground that the husband has: | Not performed his matrimonial obligations for two years or more |
| Which school of Muslim law was the first to formally systematize the principles of Islamic jurisprudence? | Shafi'i |
| The principle of Istislah (consideration of public interest) is primarily associated with which school? | Maliki |
| The Hanafi school is noted for its preference for: | Use of reason and opinion in absence of clear text |
| Which school of Muslim law was predominantly influential in the Indian Subcontinent? | Hanafi |
| The Maliki school places a unique emphasis on: | Amal (custom of Medina) |
| The principle of Maslahah (public welfare) is most emphasized in: | Maliki school |
| Which school regards the Quran and Hadith as the only sources, largely rejecting Qiyas? | Hanbali |
| Which school was founded by a disciple of Imam Malik and played a key role in spreading his teachings? | Shafi'i |
| The Hanafi school permits juristic preference (Istihsan) to: | Avoid hardship and achieve equity |
| Which school of Muslim law originated in Medina and was named after its founder, whose students documented the practices of Medina? | Maliki |
| The concept of Qiyas (analogical reasoning) is most developed in: | Hanafi and Shafi'i schools |
| The Hanafi school of Muslim law was founded by: | Imam Abu Hanifa |
| The Maliki school of Muslim law primarily relies on: | Amal (practice of the people of Medina) |
| Under Muslim law, a child born out of wedlock can be acknowledged by the alleged father: | Only during the lifetime of the father |
| According to Hanafi school, acknowledgment of parentage must be: | Express and unequivocal |
| Which is true about the effect of acknowledgment of parentage in Muslim law? | It creates a valid legal relationship between father and child |
| The acknowledgment of paternity in Muslim law is governed by which principle? | Presumption of legitimacy |
| Under Muslim law, the acknowledgment of a child by the father can be revoked: | It cannot be revoked once made |
| The legal effect of acknowledgment of parentage in Muslim law primarily affects: | Inheritance rights |
| Under Muslim law, can a man acknowledge a child born to his wife by another man? | No, such acknowledgment is invalid |
| The acknowledgment of parentage under Muslim law requires: | A verbal statement or conduct indicating paternity |
| According to Muslim law, if a man acknowledges a child and later disputes it, the child: | Can claim inheritance rights if acknowledgment is proven |
| The acknowledgment of parentage is significant because it: | Recognizes the child as legitimate for all legal purposes |
| Under Muslim law, a valid Hiba (gift) requires: | Acceptance by the donee during the lifetime of the donor |
| Which is essential for the validity of Hiba under Muslim law? | The donor must have ownership of the gift at the time of gift |
| Under Muslim law, a Hiba made by a father to his minor son is | Valid without any restriction |
| A gift (Hiba) without acceptance by the donee: | Is void and ineffective |
| Under Muslim law, the donor can revoke a Hiba: | At any time before acceptance by the donee |
| In Muslim law, a gift inter vivos (during the lifetime) becomes complete when: | The donee accepts and possession is transferred |
| The concept of Hiba-bil-iwaz means: | A gift made for a consideration or exchange |
| According to Muslim law, a gift made under coercion or undue influence is: | Voidable at the option of the donor |
| Under Muslim law, who is the natural guardian (wali) of a minor child? | Father |
| Under Hanafi law, the guardian of a minor’s property is: | The father |
| In the absence of a father, who becomes the guardian of a minor child under Muslim law? | Paternal grandfather |
| Under Muslim law, the mother’s guardianship is: | Custodial only |
| According to Muslim law, the paternal grandfather can become guardian: | Only after the death of the father |
| The legal age of majority for a male under Muslim law is: | 15 years |
| Under Muslim law, a guardian is responsible for: | Personal care and property management of the minor |
| Guardianship under Muslim law primarily protects: | The child’s personal welfare and property |
| In Muslim inheritance law, the primary source for fixed shares is: | The Quran |
| Under Muslim law, the widow’s share of inheritance if there are children is: | One-eighth |
| According to Muslim law, if a deceased leaves no direct heirs, the inheritance goes to: | Nearest agnates (residuaries) |
| Under Muslim law, the son’s share of inheritance is: | Twice that of the daughter |
| In Muslim inheritance, the doctrine of “Radd” means: | Return of the residue to fixed sharers if no residuary exists |
| Under Muslim law, the shares of inheritance are calculated after: | Payment of debts and funeral expenses |
| The Quranic verse related to the fixed shares of inheritance is found in: | Surah An-Nisa |
| Under Hanafi law, the mother’s share in inheritance when the deceased has children is: | One-sixth |
| Under Muslim law, a daughter’s share is: | Half of a son’s share |
| Under Muslim law, the right of pre-emption (Shufa) applies primarily to: | Sale of immovable property among co-owners or neighbors |
| Which persons is entitled to the right of Shufa under Muslim law? | Co-owner of the property being sold |
| The right of pre-emption (Shufa) must be exercised: | Before the sale is completed |
| Under Muslim law, a neighbor’s right of Shufa arises: | Only if the neighbor has a common wall or boundary |
| The right of pre-emption (Shufa) in Muslim law is based on the principle of: | Preservation of family property and rights of co-owners |
| Under Muslim law, which is NOT a condition for exercising Shufa? | The claimant must have prior written agreement |
| If the buyer refuses to sell the property to the pre-emptor, the latter may: | File a suit for possession and price |
| The right of Shufa is generally recognized under: | Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools with variations |
| Under Muslim law, Shufa is considered: | A proprietary right |
| Which is an essential step in exercising the right of Shufa? | Paying the purchase price to the buyer |
| The right of Shufa does NOT apply in case of: | Partition of property |
| Under Muslim law, a person can dispose of what portion of their property by will (Wasiyat)? | One-third of the property |
| According to Muslim law, the wasiyat (will) made by a Muslim: | Can be revoked anytime before death |
| A wasiyat can be made in favor of: | Non-heirs only |
| The executor of a will (Wasi) under Muslim law is: | A person appointed by the testator to carry out the will |
| Under Muslim law, the validity of a wasiyat depends on: | The testator’s sound mind and freedom from coercion |
| According to Muslim law, a will can be made: | Only during the testator’s lifetime |
| If the heirs consent to a will exceeding one-third, the will: | Becomes valid to the extent consented |
| Under Muslim law, a wasiyat is: | A discretionary gift by the testator to non-heirs up to one-third of the estate |
| If a Muslim dies intestate, his property is distributed according to: | Muslim inheritance law (Faraid) |
| The appointment of a Wasi (executor) in a will is: | Optional and depends on the testator’s wish |
| Under Muslim law, a wasiyat cannot be made for: | Legal heirs’ fixed shares |
| Under Muslim law, the wasiyat’s validity is subject to: | Being made during the testator’s lifetime |
| The legal position regarding a will in Muslim law was codified in: | The Indian Succession Act, 1925 |
| Under Muslim law, the liability to maintain the wife during the marriage primarily lies on: | The husband |
| Maintenance under Muslim law is payable: | Even after divorce until the iddat period expires |
| Under Muslim law, maintenance includes: | Food, clothing, lodging, and medical expenses |
| A Muslim wife can claim maintenance from her husband during: | The marriage and iddat period after divorce |
| Under Muslim law, who is entitled to maintenance? | Wife, minor children, and divorced wife during iddat |
| In the absence of specific provision in the marriage contract, maintenance is: | Wife, minor children, and divorced wife during iddat |
| Under Muslim law, maintenance for minor children is the responsibility of: | The father |
| A divorced Muslim woman’s maintenance claim beyond the iddat period can be based on: | Customary law or judicial order |
| Under Muslim law, a wife is entitled to maintenance if she: | Is divorced and observing iddat |
| The maintenance payable to a wife under Muslim law is determined by: | The husband’s income and social status |
| Under Muslim law, if a wife is wealthy, can she claim maintenance from her husband? | Yes, husband must maintain irrespective of wife’s wealth |
| Under Muslim law, which type of wife is not entitled to maintenance? | A wife who refuses to live with her husband without cause |
| The Islamic period of iddat during which maintenance is payable is: | Three months or three menstrual cycles |
| In the case of Danial Latifi v. Union of India (2001), the Supreme Court held that: | Muslim women are entitled to maintenance beyond iddat under Section 125 CrPC as amended by the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 |
| Under Muslim law, maintenance includes: | Food, clothing, lodging, medical expenses |
| In Danial Latifi case, the Supreme Court held that the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986: | Does not exclude maintenance beyond iddat |
| The right to claim maintenance can be enforced through: | Civil courts under Section 125 CrPC |
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